French researchers studied how and where E171 nanoparticles enter the bloodstream, first studying the route through pigs and then in vitro with human buccal cells, for a 2023 study published in the journal Nanotoxicology. The research showed that the nanoparticles absorbed quickly through the mouth and then into the bloodstream, before damaging DNA and hindering cell regeneration.

A 2012 study published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology noted that children are especially exposed to titanium dioxide because of the food that contains the food additive and is particularly marketed to children, including candy and cakes.

One of the key responsibilities of titanium dioxide manufacturers is to produce high-quality products that meet the stringent requirements of their customers. This involves carefully sourcing raw materials, employing efficient production processes, and conducting rigorous quality control measures to ensure that the final product meets the necessary specifications.